laparoscopic right adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma

Cesarean Birth (C-section) Delivery & Birth

Pregnant Robot Trains Students

Medical students at Johns Hopkins University are getting a real-life birthing experience when a robot goes into labor.

chronic unilateral leg oedema

This Figure shows an algorithm for establishing a diagnosis in chronic (>72 h) unilateral leg oedema.It highlights the importance of looking for enlarged inguinal lymph nodes and performing a pelvic or rectal examination, particularly if malignancy is suspected.

Algorithm for establishing a diagnosis in chronic unilateral leg oedema

ECG changes in Hyperkalemia

There is no definite correlation between any ECG changes and the serum potassium - the relationship depends on individual patient sensitivity and the rapidity of development of the hyperkalemia

(* ECG signs may be absent if the onset of hyperkalemia is slow - as seen in chronic renal failure - even though the serum potassium is in the range of 7 - 7.5meq/L; by contrast, acute hyperkalemia can produce ECG signs at much lower serum potassium levels)

ECG showing tall T waves - "Tenting"
Note the tall symmetrical T waves in the antero-septal leads

ECG showing "thorn-like" T waves


ECG showing a "sine" wave pattern
Note the wide slurred QRS complex which blends sinuously with the tall T wave into a "sine" wave pattern

ECG changes "mimicing" an AMI
Note the elevated ST segments in two of the inferior leads (S3 and AVF) suggestive of an inferior wall AMI, and the reciprocal ST depression in leads S1, AVL and V 2 - 5 Clues that suggest hyperkalemia = absence of P waves and the tall tented T waves in the chest leads


ECG showing a "dumping" pattern
Note the depression of the ST segments in leads V 2 - 6 - as if something "heavy" had been "dumped" onto the ST segment causing it to sink down

ECG showing "Z-fold pattern"

Note the widening/slurring of the QRS complex and how the ST segment slopes straight up to the tall T wave producing a "Z" pattern