Synthesis & Transport of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid secretes 2 iodine-containing hormones: thyroxine (T4 ) and triiodothyronine (T3). The iodine necessary for the synthesis of these molecules comes from food or iodide supplements. Iodide ion is actively taken up by and highly concentrated in the thyroid gland, where it is converted to elemental iodine by thyroidal peroxidase ( See the Figure ).
The protein thyroglobulin serves as a scaffold for thyroid hormone synthesis. Tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin are iodinated to form monoiodotyrosine (MIT) or diiodotyrosine (DIT) in a process known as iodineorganification........

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This figure also show Sites of action of some antithyroid drugs. I–, iodide ion; I°, elemental iodine. Not shown: radioactive iodine (131I), which destroys the gland through radiation.

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Synthesis of eicosanoid autacoids

The eicosanoids are an important group of endogenous fatty acid derivatives that are produced from arachidonic acid, a 20-carbon fatty acid lipid in cell membranes................

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ABCD causes of BUN:creatinine elevation

BUN stands for blood urea nitrogen which measures the amount of urea nitrogen, a waste product of protein metabolism, in the blood. Urea is formed by the liver and carried by the blood to .........

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Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach

Dr. Dawn Marks and her coauthors cover human biochemistry in a reasonably comprehensive fashion for students, using case studies to show the relationship between biochemistry and clinical problems. Facts and pathways are presented to emphasize how the underlying biochemistry is related to the body's overall physiological functioning.

Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | ISBN: 068305595X | edition 1996 | PDF | 806 pages | 53,6 mb

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establishment of The asymmetry of the cell membrane

The asymmetry of the cell membrane is established primarily by which of the following?

• a.Membrane synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum
• b.Membrane modification in the Golgi apparatus
• c.Presence of carbohydrates on the cytoplasmic surface
• d.The distribution of cholesterol
• e.Flipping proteins between the leaflets of the lipid bilayer

The answer is:  ( a ).
 Asymmetry of the lipid bilayer is established during membrane synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (answer a) before reaching the Golgi apparatus (answer b). Carbohydrates are associated with the N terminals of transmembrane proteins that extend from the extracellular surface, not the cytoplasmic surface (answer c).
Cholesterol is different from proteins and phospholipids that are asymmetrically distributed within the bilayer (answer d). Cholesterol is found on both sides of the bilayer. The small polar head group structure of cholesterol allows it to flip-flop from leaflet to leaflet and respond to changes in shape. In contrast to cholesterol, most proteins and phospholipids are capable of only rare flip-flop (answer e). For example, transbilayer movement of phospholipid is limited mostly to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Names of B vitamins

"The Rhythm Nearly Proved Contagious":
· In increasing order:

• Thiamine (B1)
• Riboflavin (B2)
• Niacin (B3)
• Pyridoxine (B6)
• Cobalamin (B12)

Agents for Spinal anesthesia

"Little Boys Prefer Toys":

• Lidocaine
• Bupivicaine
• Procaine
• Tetracaine

NOTES :
1-Lidocaine provides a short duration of anesthesia and is primarily useful for surgical and obstetrical procedures lasting less than one hour.

2-Tetracaine Vs Bupivacaine:Tetracaine and bupivacaine are used for procedures lasting 2 to 5 hours. Tetracaine appears to provide a somewhat longer duration of anesthesia and a more profound degree of motor block than does bupivacaine. On the other hand, compared with tetracaine, bupivacaine has been demonstrated to be associated with a decreased incidence of hypotension.
In addition, bupivacaine may be better than tetracaine for use in orthopedic surgical procedures since it appears to be associated with a lower incidence of tourniquet pain.

3-Vasoconstrictors can prolong the duration of spinal anesthesia of all three agents. However, the greatest duration is seen when vasoconstrictors are added to tetracaine solutions.

Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach

Dr. Dawn Marks and her coauthors cover human biochemistry in a reasonably comprehensive fashion for students, using case studies to show the relationship between biochemistry and clinical problems. Facts and pathways are presented to emphasize how the underlying biochemistry is related to the body's overall physiological functioning.

Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | ISBN: 068305595X | edition 1996 | PDF | 806 pages | 53,6 mb

Lecturers - Click here to order a FREE Review Copy of this title:

HERE

Oxygen Saturation

Viva Voce Orals in Biochemistry

The idea of writing this book of VIVA VOCE/ORALS IN BIOCHEMISTRY is that it should bemuch helpful to the MBBS and M.Sc. (Medical Science) students and post-graduate students for thepreparation of examination. Though it is not a textbook of medical Biochemistry, it is framed in theform of questions and answers in a simplified way. This book will definitely help the students for thepreparation of their examinations.This book is also aimed at the level of general practitioners, clinicians and medical students andtechnicians for applying the knowledge of clinical biochemistry in the clinical side, as much emphasisis given in the clinical biochemistry. The list of clinical biochemistry topics include interpretation oflaboratory data and biochemical features of some clinical diseases like metabolic syndrome, diabetesmellitus, anaemias, jaundice, porphyrias and the disturbances of electrolyte and acid base balance.

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Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

Lecture of Amino Acids II

Lecture of Amino Acids I

Fluorosis-Dental staining

IT is descriped as brown discoloration of teeth ,manifests as white, yellow, or brown streaks, stains, and pits. This may be the first visible sign of systemic injury to bones, joints, immune function and other metabolic activities.

This photo for a 22-year-old woman ........

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Beta Receptor: Mechanism of Activation in Cardiac Muscle

1.The agonist binds to the myocardial beta1-adrenergic receptor. which is a typical G-protein coupled receptor.

2.In the unstimulated state the G-protein is complexed with GDP..............

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DNA Structure