Gross and Microscopic picture of Renal Infarction

1- Gross specimen of Renal infarction:

The kidney is cut in half along its longitudinal axis, exposing :
(A.) the cortex
(B.) the medulla
(C.) a minor calyx .
The pyramidal shaped infarct is pale as compared to the adjacent normal cortex. Why? as the wedge shape of this zone of coagulative necrosis resulting from loss of blood supply with resultant tissue ischemia that produces the pale infarct.
The arrow points to a line of hyperemia that represents the interface between normal and necrotic tissue.

2- Microscopic section of Renal infarction:

* The thick arrow points to glomerulus in an area of coagulation (ischemic) necrosis.
* The thin arrow points to a glomerulus which is in the interface between necrotic and normal kidney.

Histopathology of Osteosarcoma

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Many men with benign prostatic hyperplasia experience urinary problems related to the condition. As the prostate enlarges, the gland places increasing pressure on the urethra, often resulting in difficulty beginning or ending urination, an inability to completely empty the bladder, decreased urine flow, and frequent urination. In the most severe cases, complete blockage of the urethra occurs, which may lead to kidney damage.
From microscopyu.com

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia at 20x Magnification :

Part of the male reproductive system, the prostate gland produces and stores seminal fluids, releasing them into the urethra when semen emission occurs. The gland is located directly below the bladder and surrounds the upper part of the urethra. During adolescence the gland usually matures and reaches a size comparable to that of a walnut. The dimensions of the gland generally remain unchanged for several decades, but in most older men, the prostate begins to enlarge as the size of its cells increases, a process commonly referred to as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or hypertrophy. According to recent estimates, more than 50 percent of men between the ages of 50 and 60 experience benign prostatic hyperplasia, and over 90 percent of those 70 to 90 years old have developed the condition. Researchers do not yet completely understand the cause of this physiological change, but it is widely thought that elevated levels of the female sex hormone estradiol and increased manufacture of dihydrotestosterone, a derivative of the male sex hormone testosterone, contribute to the condition.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia at 4x Magnification :

Men with only mild symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia may elect not to undergo any treatment or to simply take a wait-and-see attitude, visiting the doctor regularly for monitoring until signs suggest a more active approach is needed. For those who seek treatment, a number of options are available. For example, drugs such as alpha blockers and finasteride may be used alone or in conjunction with one another to relax prostatic smooth muscle and decrease the size of the prostate gland. Individuals that are not responsive to the typical medications, however, may require a more invasive form of treatment, such as balloon dilation of the urethra or any of several different surgical techniques, including transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP), transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), or open prostatectomy. The various treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia are associated with a number of risks and side effects, which can include serious conditions like incontinence and impotence.

Histopathology Small intestine-- Crohn disease

Toxoplasmosis in Immune-Suppressed Patients

Toxoplasma encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and Toxoplasma myocarditis (inflammation of the heart) are well recognised opportunistic infections in patients who are immune suppressed, particularly in relation to AIDS and chemotherapy for cancer. The Toxoplasma encephalitis has the usual appearance of an encephalitis from any cause, that is, focal areas of death of cerebral tissue associated with a mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate. But in addition, Toxoplasma cysts are found in the affected brain tissue.

This figures are from the heart of a middle aged male who died from AIDS. The Toxoplasma cyst is expanding the myocardial muscle fibre. In this case there is no inflammatory reaction associated with the cyst. The presence of an inflammatory reaction is variable.

Fibroadenoma

Fibroadenomas, which are generally firm, smooth, and round, can be readily moved under the skin and are often described as feeling similar to marbles. Typically the masses measure from 1 to 3 centimeters in size, but occasionally they may grow much larger, in which case they are termed giant fibroadenomas. Fibroadenomas, which arise from the intralobular stroma, are solid and consist of a combination of glandular and fibrous tissues. The tumors are usually painless and present no symptoms, typically being discovered by young women only due to self-examination. In older women, fibroadenomas are often less palpable and may first be discovered during a routine mammogram.

Fibroadenomas showing circumscribed margins, even distribution of epithelial and stromal components and low stromal cellularity.
-Low power scanning of Fibroadenoma :

# Use low power scanning to determine:

•  the basic pattern - pericanalicular or intracanalicular
•  edge of lesion (pushing or infiltrative) - should be pushing
•  balance between stroma and epithelium - should be even
•  to pick out areas of stromal hypercellularity

# The stroma can be cellular particularly in younger patient's lesions - but it's usually uniform

# The occasional stromal mitosis is acceptable in a younger patient's lesion but take advice

# Uneven stromal cellularity in a core biopsy may be a pointer to a Phyllodes Tumour

You can suspect Phyllodes Tumour if:
* Patient older than 40 years
* Lesion larger than 4 cm
* History of recent growth

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, e-pathology

Huntington Disease

Huntington Disease is an autosomal dominant inherited disease, when the patient begins to exhibit symptoms at 20s and 30s.Initially the patients have a tendency to fidget which over months or years develops into jerky, choreiform movements. Huntington Disease usually progresses over a 10 to 25 year period. As the disease progresses it leads to ..........

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Pathology of Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

ACC Atlas of Pathophysiology

Featuring 450 large full-color illustrations, this comprehensive atlas shows how more than 200 disorders can disrupt the human body’s equilibrium. It is designed to help healthcare professionals visualize disease processes, understand the rationales for clinical interventions, and explain to patients how diseases develop and progress.

Introductory chapters illustrate basic pathophysiologic concepts including cells, cancer, infection, genetics, and fluids and electrolytes. Twelve chapters organized by body system cover all major diseases, with illustrations, charts, and brief text on causes, pathophysiology, signs, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment.

This Third Edition includes eight new disease entries and updated information throughout. A new icon, Complications, highlights the typical progression of untreated disease.

Nodular hyperplasia of Prostate: Histopathology

Histopathology Ovary--Serous cystadenocarcinoma

Histopathology Lung--Bronchiectasis

Vascular invasion: way to follicular thyroid carcinoma

There are 4 types of thyroid carcinoma: papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic carcinoma. One of these types, follicular thyroid carcinoma, can look very much like a benign thyroid adenoma. Both follicular carcinoma and thyroid adenoma are composed of follicles (resembling normal thyroid follicles).

The only way to tell apart follicular thyroid carcinoma (which is malignant) from thyroid adenoma (which is benign) is to take out the entire nodule and examine the entire thing very carefully. If you see tumor cells invading the capsule, or if you see them within vessels (as in the photo above), that means it’s follicular carcinoma. Malignant tumor cells invade; benign ones do not.

Shave and Punch Skin Biopsy

Wound Healing Phases

Renal Amyloid by Electron microscopy

Electron microscopy shows massive expansion of the mesangium by fibrillar material with randomly oriented thin fibrils with a diameter of 10 to 12 nm, often extending to basement membranes as in this case (transmission electron microscopy; original magnification x8,000).

By electron microscopy, amyloid appears as randomly oriented thin fibrils, 10 to 12 nm in diameter, with a loose, flocculent background (transmission electron microscopy; original magnification x51,250).

Amyloid infiltration through the basement membrane with resulting feathery spikes with basement membrane material and delicate amyloid fibrils are shown in this case (transmission electron microscopy; original magnification x20,250).

Reed-Sternberg cell typical of Hodgkin's lymphoma

This slide shows a Reed-Sternberg cell typical of the nodular sclerosing form of Hodgkin's lymphoma. This usually presents in adolescence and young adults as .............

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Pathophysiology of Disease An Introduction to Clinical Medicine, 6th

* Publisher: McGraw-Hill Medical
* Number Of Pages: 752
* Publication Date: 2009-10-20
* ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0071621679
* ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780071621670



A complete case-based review of the essentials of pathophysiology – covering all major organs and systems

This trusted text introduces you to clinical medicine by reviewing the pathophysiologic basis of the signs and symptoms of 100 diseases commonly encountered in medical practice. Each chapter first describes normal function of a major organ or organ system, then turns attention to the pathology and disordered physiology, including the role of genetics, immunology, and infection in pathogenesis. Underlying disease mechanisms are described, along with their systems, signs, and symptoms, and the way these mechanisms themselves determine the most effective treatment.

This unique interweaving of physiological and pathological concepts will put you on the path towards thinking about signs and symptoms in terms of their pathologic basis, giving you an understanding of the “whys” behind both illness and treatment.

Features


* NEW full-color presentation
* 111 case studies (22 new ones) provide an opportunity for you to test your understanding of the pathophysiology of each clinical entity discussed
* A complete chapter devoted to detailed analyses of the cases
* “Checkpoint” review questions appear throughout every chapter
* Numerous tables and diagrams encapsulate important information
* References for each chapter topic
* NEW sections in the chapters on liver disease and inflammatory rheumatic diseases and a completely rewritten chapter on male reproductive tract disorders

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Psammoma bodies in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

This slide shows papillary carcinoma of the thyroid.
It has am increased incidence in iodine-rich areas and in those who have received neck irradiation and typically spreads to the lymph nodes.
The tumours are often described as minimal (< equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">psammoma bodies: One of the characteristic features of papillary thyroid carcinoma .
These are calcifications with an unusual (and pretty) lamellar pattern. You can see psammoma bodies in any carcinoma with a papillary pattern (so just because you see them, that doesn’t mean you’re necessarily dealing with a papillary thyroid carcinoma). But if you are looking at a thyroid carcinoma and trying to figure out which kind it is (papillary, follicular, medullary or anaplastic thyroid carcinoma), seeing psammoma bodies would be very helpful. Since psammoma bodies are not seen in any other type of thyroid carcinoma, you would immediately think of papillary thyroid carcinoma.